Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in a Relativistic Shock

This study describes a carrier having submicron, uniform and non-aggregated poly lactic acid (PLA) spheres loaded with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and with 9 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for magnetically guided drug delivery and local controlled release. Using a water/organic/water (w/o/w) doubleemulsion process, we produced uniformly spherical microparticles smaller than 2 µm in diameter with well-dispersed SPIONs that retained superparamagnetic behavior after encapsulation. 5FU loading efficiency was determined to be 94%. Biological activity and chemical integrity was confirmed for the 5FU released from the product. Drug release kinetics showed faster release within the first day followed by sustained, slower release over 63 days with a cumulative release reaching 70% of loaded drug. Drug release was faster at 37°C compared to 21°C. PBS at pH 7.4 and 5.4 promoted faster release than did distilled water at pH 7.0. Release was prolonged from these PLA systems compared to other systems employing PLGA. This research introduces a rigorously optimized microcarrier system distinguished by sub-2-µm superparamagnetic PLA or PLGA microspheres of uniform morphology containing phase-dispersed SPIONs and exhibiting long-term controlled release, offering a transformative framework for magnetically directed drug delivery using high-gradient systems such as Halbach arrays.

This study presents a comparative analysis of far-field acoustic measurements from twelve SpaceX Falcon 9 launches conducted near Vandenberg Space Force Base. Acoustic data were collected at a fixed location 8.45 km from the launch pad as part of an ongoing ecology-motivated effort to characterize the launch noise environment. Maximum overall sound pressure levels (OASPL), one-third-octave spectra, pressure-time waveforms, and running pressure-derivative skewness were examined to assess launch-to-launch variability. Results show a spread of approximately 4.7 dB in maximum flat-weighted OASPL and over 10 dBA across the dataset, despite consistent vehicle configuration and similar ascent trajectories. Detailed comparisons of three representative launches reveal substantial differences in waveform structure, dominant spectral content, and crackle-related metrics. The period of maximum OASPL does not coincide with the period of maximum derivative skewness, and the launch with the greatest OASPL contains the least amount of crackle content. Understanding of this launch-to-launch variability, likely driven by local meteorology, is critical for accurate rocket noise modeling and environmental impact assessment.

Mutual events of trans-Neptunian binaries (TNBs) provide rare opportunities to measure the physical and orbital properties of small bodies in the outer solar system. However, successful observations of these events have been limited by uncertain predictions. Here, we present probabilistic predictions of TNB mutual events occurring through the 2030s, using high-precision non-Keplerian orbit solutions from the Beyond Point Masses project combined with a Bayesian framework that propagates orbital and size uncertainties. Our methods generate distributions of event timing, duration, depth, and probability of occurrence, enabling direct assessment of observability. We provide predictions for five systems with ongoing or imminent mutual event seasons, including (38628) Huya, (58534) Logos–Zoe, (148780) Altjira, (469705) ǂKá̧gára-!Hãunu, and (524366) 2001 XR254. Preparing for upcoming events with long-baseline light-curve monitoring is vital, as events may be difficult to distinguish from a regular rotational light curve. Rapid dissemination of event detections will benefit the entire community, allowing predictions to be updated, ensuring that these rare mutual event opportunities can be fully exploited.

One approach to investigating parameter sensitivity in seabed models is to apply the techniques of information geometry. This paper provides an information geometric analysis of a sound propagation in a shallow-water waveguide, where the acoustic properties of the sediment are derived from the viscous grainshearing (VGS) model. Specifically, we consider single-frequency transmission loss (TL) across a wide range of VGS parameters. By exploring the limits and boundaries of the TL model manifolds, particularly as parameters approach both low and high extremes, this approach allows for the determination of relative stiffness and sloppiness of model parameters and provides indications of parameter hierarchies and correlations. Results include slices of the model manifold and matrices of information distances on a fivedimensional model man-ifold, representing the absolute transmission loss at 16 receiver depths for different sediment types. Careful examination of these results provides insights into the relative impact of VGS parameters and the delineation of limiting regions. This work demonstrates how information geometry can inform model selection and parametrization in geoacoustic inversion studies, leading to more efficient and interpretable models of the seabed.

We present a new two-dimensional (2D) map of total Galactic extinction, AV, across the entire dust half-layer from the Sun to extragalactic space for Galactic latitudes ∣b∣ > 13°, as well as a three-dimensional (3D) map of AV within 2 kpc of the Sun. These maps are based on AV and distance estimates derived from a data set, which utilizes Gaia Data Release 3 parallaxes and multi-band photometry for nearly 100 million dwarf stars. We apply our own corrections to account for significant systematics in this data set. Our 2D map achieves an angular resolution of 6

1, while the 3D map offers a transverse resolution of 3.56 pc—corresponding to variable angular resolution depending on distance—and a radial resolution of 50 pc. In constructing these maps, we pay particular attention to the solar neighborhood (within 200 pc) and to high Galactic latitudes. The 3D map predicts AV from the Sun to any extended object within the Galactic dust layer with an accuracy of σ(AV) = 0.1 mag. The 2D map provides AV estimates for the entire dust half-layer up to extragalactic distances with an accuracy of σ(AV) = 0.07 mag. We provide AV estimates from our maps for various classes of extended celestial objects with angular size primarily in the range of 2′–40′, including 19,809 galaxies and quasars, 170 Galactic globular clusters, 458 open clusters, and several hundred molecular clouds from two lists. We also present extinction values for 8293 Type Ia supernovae. Comparison of our extinction estimates with those from previous maps and literature sources reveals systematic differences, indicating large-scale spatial variations in the extinction law and suggesting that earlier 2D reddening maps based on infrared dust emission tend to underestimate low extinction values.

We explore the use of tutorials to assist upper-division electricity & magnetism (E&M) students with problem solving. Specifically, we test two versions of tutorials; one that implements a problem-solving framework, and another with the framework removed. Data examined in this paper includes student exam problems, an end-of-semester survey, interviews, and problem-solving exercises administered using a think-aloud protocol. Preliminary results when considering exam scores alongside student comments offer some evidence that tutorials structured on a problem-solving framework may improve conceptual parts of problem solving for students. Student problem-solving processes are also examined, and we find that these upper-division students struggle with practices of checking their reasoning, an area for future attention.