Radiation from Wavepackets

Transfer learning (TL) is used to predict source-receiver range in a laboratory tank with varying water temperature. The input data are single-hydrophone spectral levels from linear chirps over the 50–100 kHz band recorded at different ranges. Data measured in room temperature water are used to train one-dimensional convolutional neural networks. When the trained models are applied to data measured in warmer water, a bias is introduced. TL with a small dataset improves the generalization results at the new temperature, demonstrating the potential of TL to improve performance under variable environmental conditions.

Crowds at collegiate basketball games react acoustically to events on the court in many ways, including applauding, chanting, cheering, and making distracting noises. Acoustic features can be extracted from recordings of crowds at basketball games to train machine learning models to classify crowd reactions. Such models may help identify crowd mood, which could help players secure fair contracts, venues refine fan experience, and safety personnel improve emergency response services or to minimize conflict in policing. By exposing the key features in these models, feature selection highlights physical insights about crowd noise, reduces computational costs, and often improves model performance. Feature selection is performed using random forests and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression to identify the most useful acoustic features for identifying and classifying crowd reactions. The importance of including short-term feature temporal histories in the feature vector is also evaluated. Features related to specific 1/3-octave band shapes, sound level, and tonality are highly relevant for classifying crowd reactions. Additionally, the inclusion of feature temporal histories can increase classifier accuracies by up to 12%. Interestingly, some features are better predictors of future crowd reactions than current reactions. Reduced feature sets are human-interpretable on a case-by-case basis for the crowd reactions they predict.

Particulate contamination requires dust mitigation techniques to provide low-scatter surfaces on sensitive instrumentation in space. We have shown that poly(olefin sulfone)s photodegrade under spacelike conditions: in vacuum and with UV light exposure. We now demonstrate that photodegradable polymers can reduce dust accumulation on optical surfaces for space applications. This investigation shows that the dissociative degradation of poly(olefin sulfone)s significantly decreased the number of dust particles on a dust-coated surface. These results suggest a powerful way to mitigate the collection of extraterrestrial dust on optical surfaces in space, enabling passive removal of particulate contamination without any direct human intervention.

We present a combined magnetometry, muon spin-relaxation (𝜇⁢SR), and neutron-scattering study of the insulating spin glass Zn_0.5Mn_0.5Te, for which magnetic Mn²⁺ and nonmagnetic Zn2+ ions are randomly distributed on a face-centered cubic lattice. The magnetometry and 𝜇SR results confirm a spin freezing transition around 𝑇𝑓≈23 K, with the spin-fluctuation rate decreasing gradually and somewhat inhomogeneously through the sample volume as the temperature decreases toward 𝑇𝑓. Characteristic spin-correlation times well above 𝑇𝑓 are on the order of 10−10 s, much slower than typically observed in canonical spin glasses but in line with expectations for a cluster spin glass. Using magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF) analysis and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of the magnetic diffuse neutron-scattering data, we show that the spin-glass ground state consists of clusters of spins exhibiting short-range-ordered type-III antiferromagnetic correlations with a locally ordered moment of 3.1(1)𝜇_B between nearest-neighbor spins. The type-III correlations decay exponentially as a function of spin separation distance with a correlation length of approximately 5 Å. The diffuse magnetic scattering and corresponding mPDF show no significant changes across 𝑇𝑓, indicating that the dynamically fluctuating short-range spin correlations in the paramagnetic state retain the same basic type-III configuration that characterizes the spin-glass state; the only change apparent from the neutron-scattering data is a gradual reduction of the correlation length and locally ordered moment with increasing temperature. Taken together, these results paint a unique and detailed picture of the local magnetic structure and dynamics in Zn_0.5Mn_0.5Te and provide strong evidence that this material is best described as a cluster spin glass. In addition, this work showcases a statistical method for extracting diffuse scattering signals from neutron powder diffraction data, which we developed to facilitate the mPDF and RMC analysis of the neutron data. This method has the potential to be broadly useful for neutron powder diffraction experiments on a variety of materials with short-range atomic or magnetic order.

Passive radiators are notoriously difficult to characterize because one cannot effectively assess their mechanical parameters with loudspeaker electrical impedance techniques and no motors. This paper discusses the details of passive radiator and dynamic loudspeaker driver parameter measurements through practical experiments conducted with a plane wave tube, the two-microphone transfer function technique, and the two-load method to remove the need for an ideal anechoic termination. A previous theoretical paper demonstrated how normal-incidence transmission losses through these devices in an anechoically terminated tube could yield their mechanical and electrical parameters [Leishman and Anderson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134(1), 223–236 (2013)]. The mechanical parameters follow from an open-circuit transmission loss condition, whereas a driver's electrical parameters follow from an additional closed-circuit condition. This paper presents several experimental results and compares extracted parameters to those derived from electrical impedance measurements and destructive methods. In addition to other parameters, the masses of diaphragm assemblies show favorable agreement. The presented techniques effectively assess passive radiator parameters without employing active driver configurations and then removing their motors, which changes the measured properties. PACS numbers: 43.38.Ja, 43.20.Ye, 43.20.Mv, 43.55.Rg

Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civil engineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, and environmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterative improvements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking into account subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, and territorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economically viable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailed subsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and project implementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurface investigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3D subsurface model of the region. The report describes the development of the project scenario based on the ‘avoid-reduce-compensate’ iterative optimisation approach. The reference scenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility, implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations covering almost 600 hectares of terrain—including numerous urban, economic, social, and technical aspects—confirmed the project’s technical feasibility and contributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formal project authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation of public dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of a comprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significant environmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative and stringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained. Finally, the report provides a summary of the studies conducted to document the current state of the environment.