Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in a Relativistic Shock

Volume 1 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents an overview of the physics case, experimental programme, and detector concepts for the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This volume outlines how FCC would address some of the most profound open questions in particle physics, from precision studies of the Higgs and EW bosons and of the top quark, to the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. The report reviews the experimental opportunities offered by the staged implementation of FCC, beginning with an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee), operating at several centre-of-mass energies, followed by a hadron collider (FCC-hh). Benchmark examples are given of the expected physics performance, in terms of precision and sensitivity to new phenomena, of each collider stage. Detector requirements and conceptual designs for FCC-ee experiments are discussed, as are the specific demands that the physics programme imposes on the accelerator in the domains of the calibration of the collision energy, and the interface region between the accelerator and the detector. The report also highlights advances in detector, software and computing technologies, as well as the theoretical tools/reconstruction techniques that will enable the precision measurements and discovery potential of the FCC experimental programme. The content and structure of this report are guided by the scope and priorities defined in the mandate of the FCC Feasibility Study. It is therefore not intended to serve as an exhaustive review of the full physics potential of FCC. Several topics, already covered in earlier reports such as the FCC CDR, are not reiterated here or are addressed only briefly, in alignment with the study’s focus. This volume reflects the outcome of a global collaborative effort involving hundreds of scientists and institutions, aided by a dedicated community-building coordination, and provides a targeted assessment of the scientific opportunities and experimental foundations of the FCC programme.

In August 2023, the Antares 230 launched successfully for the NG-19 resupply mission to the International Space Station. Acoustic measurements were taken at various locations around the launch pad, ranging from 60 to 200 m away from the vehicle. The analysis focused on azimuthal and polar angles to investigate the vehicle’s sound directivity during the launch. Spectral data were evaluated as functions of frequency, angular position around the pad, and orientation relative to the vehicle. A spatio-spectral analysis was conducted to interpret the data effectively. Initial findings reveal that maximum sound levels are associated with wider angles relative to the plume for stations closer to the source. The peak frequency at all stations was observed to be between 20 and 60 Hz, which is common for vehicles of this size. Although proximity to the rocket complicates distinguishing between angles, making directivity analysis challenging, a spatio-spectral analysis best reveals the spectral features of the noise.

Molecule generation is advancing rapidly in chemical discovery and drug design. Flow-matching methods have recently set the state of the art (SOTA) in unconditional molecule generation, surpassing score-based diffusion models. However, diffusion models still lead in property-guided generation. In this work, we introduce PropMolFlow, an approach for property-guided molecule generation based on geometry-complete SE(3)-equivariant flow matching. Integrating five different property embedding methods with a Gaussian expansion of scalar properties, PropMolFlow achieves competitive performance against previous SOTA diffusion models in conditional molecule generation while maintaining high structural stability and validity. Additionally, it enables higher sampling speed with fewer time steps compared with baseline models. We highlight the importance of validating the properties of generated molecules through density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, we introduce a task to assess the model’s ability to propose molecules with under-represented property values, assessing its capacity for out-of-distribution generalization.

Balinese gamelan gongs are instruments of special interest because of their unique geometry and sound. Unlike a Chinese tam-tam, the gongs are quite thick, with a protruding dome in the center and long edges that sharply wrap around the circumference of the gong. When struck in the center, the larger gongs are designed to produce strong, audible beating. Previous studies have shown the cause of this beating phenomenon to be the proximity of the harmonic of the first axisymmetric mode to the frequency of the second axisymmetric mode [Krueger et al, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 128(1), 2010]. Previous work has not defined this first harmonic in terms of its modal deflection shape or directivity pattern, either isolated or coupled with the rest of the system to produce the beating. The results of this study characterized the harmonic as having the same behavior as the second axisymmetric mode. This was true whether the second mode was, or was not present in a given measurement. This paper will present measurements studying the vibrational and directional characteristics of the gong's first harmonic and a discussion with possible explanations as to why it appears to behave as the second axisymmetric mode.

Therapeutic proteins face a critical pharmacokinetic challenge: rapid clearance from circulation limits their clinical efficacy. Albumin-binding domains (ABDs) offer an elegant solution by enabling therapeutic proteins to “hitchhike” on serum albumin’s favorable 19-day half-life through FcRn-mediated recycling. Clinical validation through approved therapeutics like ozoralizumab demonstrates the success of this approach, with preclinical studies showing fusion to an ABD extended half-life to 18 days. This review provides an analysis of ABD-fusion protein design, integrating structural biology, computational prediction, and rational engineering principles. We catalog the major classes of albumin-binding modalities, including bacterial three-helix bundle domains, engineered peptides, antibody-derived binders, and alternative scaffolds, comparing their binding properties, size contributions, cross-species reactivity, and production cost. Critical examination of linker architectures reveals that flexible glycine-serine linkers (particularly the widely successful (GGGGS)3 motif) provide optimal balance between domain independence and molecular economy, though linker choice profoundly influences not only spatial separation but also binding affinity, folding, stability, and pharmacokinetics. We evaluate the utility and limitations of the structure prediction tools for ABD-fusion design. We establish practical guidelines for integrating computational screening with experimental validation. This review provides protein engineers and synthetic biologists with a comprehensive framework for rational design of albumin-binding therapeutics, emphasizing the synergistic integration of structural insight, computational prediction, and systematic experimental validation to accelerate development of next-generation long-acting biotherapeutics.